11. A British squadron under Captain George Downie is defeated by an American fleet
commanded by Captain Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain, 1814.
11. Following capitulation by the Russians, Sebastopol is taken by the British and French
in alliance, 1855.
11. Plantation in the country of the first eucalyptus trees, 1858. In San Fernando, Province of Buenos Aires and by initiative of Domingo F. Sarmiento, the first seeds of this Australian native species were planted. One hundred years later, on September 11, 1959 at Quinta Lanusse of that locality there was a function in honor of the great educator, under one of the centenary trees born from those seeds.
11. Death of Domingo F. Sarmiento in the city of Asunción, 1888. A statesman, military, educator, he was a patriot who was passionate for the enlightened development of the country. He died in conditions of poverty. He was President of the Republic (1868-1874), author of school texts as well as historical books, Director of Schools, creator of the Navy Academy and the Military Academy. He had been born in the city of San Juan on February 14, 1811. The date is commemorated as Teachers' Day.
11. Heavy fighting between Chinese and Indian forces on the border of Sikkim, 1967.
12. Albigens defeated at the Battle of Muret, 1213.
12. Extraordinary provision of the King of Spain, 1537. A royal warrant of King Charles I of Spain and V of Germany determined that in case of death of the senior royal authority in the Plata River, the inhabitants would elect his successor in a republican arrangement, by saying: “... let the residents assemble and elect as governor that person who according to God and their conscience seems more efficient for said position.”
12. Cromwell captures Drogheda, Ireland, 1649.
12. General Sobieski defeats the Turks at Vienna, 1683.
12. Inauguration of the Academy of Mathematic in Buenos Aires, 1810. Inspired by Manuel Belgrano and under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Felipe Sentenach, it had the purpose of teaching the discipline to train artillery officers.
12. Richard Gatling, inventor of the Gatling Gun, is born in North Carolina, USA, 1818.
12. Effectiveness by law of the National Code of Commerce, 1862. The Code was drafted in 1856 by lawyers Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield and Eduardo Acevedo, originally for the Province of Buenos Aires, at the request of its government and was approved by the legislature in 1859.
12. First Battle of the Marne ends (began 05-09), 1914.
13. Creation in Buenos Aires of a Public Library, 1810. The Government Junta ordered the opening of a patriotic subscription for its promotion, and appointed Saturnino Segurola and friar Cayetano J. Rodríguez as librarians, as well as Mariano Moreno, the Junta's Secretary, to be its protector.
13. Swearing of Independence in the city of Buenos Aires, 1816. Independence had been proclaimed on July 9, 1816 by the Tucumán Congress and it was solemnly sworn, breaking the links that bound the Provinces of the Plata River to the Spanish crown.
13. John J. Pershing, C-in-C of US troops in France during WW I, is born in Missouri, 1860.
13. Conference of heads of state of the alliance during the War of Paraguay, 1865. The meeting was held on board the vessel 11 de Junio with the attendance of General Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina and military commander of the Triple Alliance, General Venancio Flores, president of Uruguay and Peter II, emperor of Brazil, to define strategies and actions to take the city of Uruguayana, in Brazilian territory.
14. Incorporation of Spanish America to the crown of Castile, 1519. By a decree of Charles V, issued in Barcelona.
14. Marquis de Montcalm de Saint-Veran, commander of French forces in Canada, dies in
Quebec, 1759.
14. Uprising in the city of Cochabamba, 1810. This city of the Upper Peru (currently Bolivia) was under the jurisdiction of Buenos Aires, as capital of the viceroyship, took sides in favor of the independent government that had been appointed on May 25. On September 24 the Cabildo sent a letter to the Buenos Aires Junta recognizing its authority.
14. Napoleon enters Moskow, 1812.
14. The US captures Mexico City, 1847.
14. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, military commander, dies at Walmer Castle,
Kent, England, 1852.
14. Indian attack to the Sarmiento fort, 1871. While the chief of the fort, Lieutenant Edelmiro García was exploring distant territories, a party of Indians attacked the fort defended by Sergeant Miguel Torino who had only ten men. In a heroic resistance, they repelled the Indians, forcing them to withdraw.
14. Foundation of Banco Hipotecario Nacional (National Mortgage Bank), 1886. The bank was established during the Presidency of General Julio A. Roca, by law number 1804. It opened its doors to the public in November of that same year.
15. Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), Roman Emperor, is born in Spain, 53.
15. The Swiss are defeated by the French at Marignano, 1515.
15. Transfer of the town of London, province of Catamarca, 1633. Founded in 1558 by General Juan Pérez de Zurita, it was destroyed by an Indian attack and transferred in 1562 to Andalgalá. In 1607 it moved to the current site of Belén. Five years later, Gerónimo L. de Cabrera y Garay, grandson of the founder of the cities of Cordoba and Buenos Aires, returned it to its first location. The date marks its definitive location.
15. Birth in the Upper Peru of Cornelio de Saavedra, 1759. He arrived in the capital of the viceroyship at age 8 to study in the Royal San Carlos School. The 1806 British Invasion caused him to choose a military career. On October 8, 1806, the viceroy, Marquis de Sobremonte appointed him Commander of the Legion of Voluntary Urban Patricians of Buenos Aires, that was the origin of the First Infantry Regiment Patricios of the Argentine Army. In the developments leading to the events of May 25, 1810, he was elected president of the Provisional Government Junta. On August 20, 1811, he left to organize the Army of Upper Peru that was defeated in the Battle of Huaqui. Later he was exiled for political causes. He took refuge in Chile from where he returned to the country after the disaster of Rancagua. He was then rehabilitated by the Supreme Director General Juan M. de Pueyrredón, who on October 24, 1818 issued his commission as Brigadier General. He died in Buenos Aires, March 29, 1829.
15. The city of New York is taken by General Howe, 1776.
15. Admiral Lord Cochrane seized the Peruvian treasure, 1821. As the royalist army of General Canteral was approaching Lima, Peru, General José de San Martín, in his capacity as Protector of Peru, ordered that the treasure deposited in the Mint be transported to the merchant ships Jerezana, Luisa and Perla. Admiral Cochrane found out and decided to take hold of the funds, violating the respect owed to the hierarchy, and had it transferred to the ship O'Higgins . That same day General San Martín wrote him an energetic letter, ordering him to return it. The letter was delivered to Cochrane by Colonel Tomás Guido, first aide-de-camp of General San Martín.
15. Surprise landing at Inchon, Korea, of US 1st. Marines Division, 1950.
16. Return to the British Crown of Port Egmont, Malvinas Islands, 1771. Spanish Commander Orduña, complying with a royal order dated February 7 of that year, surrendered Port Egmont to the commander of the frigate Juno, Captain Slott . The return had been agreed by the Spanish and British governments as repairs for the forced eviction of the founders of that garrison, carried out by the Governor of Buenos Aires , Francisco de Paula Bucarelli y Ursúa. In turn, the British abandoned the islands in 1774. In 1820, the United Provinces of the Plata River took possession of them, until years later they were once again occupied by the British government, a situation that persisted until 1982, when they were occupied by Argentine military forces, giving rise to intense fighting for their possession, which concluded with the surrender of Argentina.
16. Creation of the First Infantry Regiment, Patricios, 1806. After the First British Invasion and the Reconquest of Buenos Aires, this unit was created under the name of Legion of Voluntary Urban Patricians of Buenos Aires. It was staffed by cadres of officers and troops that were residents of the city, i.e. free citizens who were native of the viceroyship. Organized following the Spanish regimental model, with two battalions, a third one was added later, each consisting of one company of grenadiers and eight fusiliers. The regiment's first chief was Colonel Cornelio de Saavedra. Tradition has published in the march “Patricios”, composed by Lieutenant and Band Conductor José Arena (Italy 1869-Argentina 1954.)
16. Beginning of conscription in the USA, 1940.
17. Battle of Breitenfeld, 1631. What had begun as a minor religion struggle had become
an European war of international proportions, in which Germany would ultimately lose
a third of her population and in some areas more than half. At that day, during the named
Thirty Years War, the Swedish army commanded by its king, Gustavus II Adolphus and
theirs Saxon allies clashes with Imperial troops of the Sacred Roman Empire, under General
Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, near Leipzig, Germany. After an all-day battle, the army of
the Protestants, with his combined-arms tactics of using infantry firepower to support
cavalry, worked brillantry. At 6:00 PM it was all over. The Protestant army had lost less
than 3.000 men meanwhile the Catholics left behind them 7.000 dead, all theirs cannons
and more than 100 battle flags. As a remark, the 6.000 captured Imperials promptly
enlisted in the Sweadish army. After that battle, Germany was saved from Hapsburg
domination. The Battle of Breitenfeld was a victory of movement and firepower over weight of
formation. Has been called the first battle of the modern age and Gustavus Adolphus has
been hailed as the father of modern warfare. Some two centuries after the Catholic and
Protestants Christians had slaughtered one another, a Memorial was erected there, saying: “Freedom of belief for all the world”.
17. The king of England decreed free trade for the city of Buenos Aires, 1806. Having received news in London of the taking of the city by General William Carr Beresford, the King, presiding the Council of Ministers, declared Buenos Aires and its dependencies conquered and subject to the rules that were in force in his other colonies.
17. Presentation of the project to build the first railroad in Argentina, 1853. A group of investors presented a project to the governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, Pastor Obligado, requesting “the concession and the privilege of building a first grade railroad, to be driven by engines ...” On January 9, 1854, the Legislature authorized the Executive Power to grant Sociedad El Camino de Fierro de Buenos Aires al Oeste “the privilege for the construction of a railroad with an extension of 24,000 [approximately] yards.” One of the engines that had been used during the 1854-1856 war that England and France had waged against Russia was purchased. This engine, built by Manning Wardle & Co., of Leeds, England, was renamed La Porteña, and served for many years in the route from the current location of the Colon Theater up to Flores. It is exhibited in the Lujan Museum.
17. Battle of Pavón, 1861. On the banks of the Pavón creek, the forces commanded by General Bartolomé Mitre (some 22,000 men) clashed with the army of General Justo J. de Urquiza, at the time the Governor of the Province of Entre Ríos. The two armies fought with determination, with General Mitre emerging victorious. On October 6 he entered the city of Rosario. This battle could have resulted in a further deepening of the country's division and disorganization, but having become the arbiter of the nation's destiny, Mitre organized the Republic in an effective way. Appointed by the government provisionally until new elections could be held, as a consequence of the resignation of the President of the Confederation, Santiago Derqui, General Mitre was elected President, and took office on October 12, 1862.
17. Paraguayan surrender in Uruguayana, 1865. The chief of the Paraguayan forces that were occupying the Brazilian city of Uruguayana surrendered to General Bartolomé Mitre, commander in chief of the allied forces of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and to General Cabral, aide-de-camp of the Emperor of Brazil.
17. Verification of the first Population Census of Argentina, 1869. It showed a total of 1,877,490 inhabitants.
17. Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge of the US Army Signal Corps becomes the first man
killed in a flying accident, 1908.
17. British forces parachute into Arnhem and Eindhoven, the Netherlands, starting Operation
Market-Garden, 1944.
17. Civil War in Lebanon begins, 1970.
18. Birth in Luján of Florentino Ameghino, 1854. The study of the river in his hometown awakened his passion for geology and paleontology. He assembled an important collection of fossils and sold them to be able to travel in order to expand his knowledge and meet other investigators in Europe. Upon his return he continued his expeditions and published books and scientific papers that contributed to consolidating his fame. He died August 6, 1911.
18. Visit of the Argentine President to Chile, 1910. José Figueroa Alcorta arrived in the city of Santiago for the celebrations of the first centennial of Chile's Independence, reciprocating the visit that had been made by the President of Chile, Pedro Montt, for the celebration of the first centennial of Argentine Independence, on May 25 of that year.
18. Capture of Boulogne and Brest, in France, 1944.
19. Birth in the city of Buenos Aires of Tomás Espora, 1800. At age 15, Espora joined the crew of the corvette Halcón, commanded by Hipolite Bouchard, to sail the Pacific Ocean in a corsair trip, after the disbandment of the fleet that had defeated the Spanish fleet in Montevideo. He also participated in the trip of the frigate La Argentina around the world. He then was involved in the sea transport from Chile to Peru of the army that had just liberated Chile. Promoted to Corvette Captain by the Peruvian Navy, created by General José de San Martín, he remained in the Pacific Ocean until the defeat of the centers of royalist resistance in El Callao and Chiloé, in 1825. He returned to Buenos Aires on the eve of the War with Brazil. Admiral William Brown, commander of the fleet, appointed Espora to command gun boat No.10. From there onwards Tomás Espora became famous for his unlimited courage and leadership skills. He participated in the battles of Montevideo, Los Pozos, Quilmes –where Brown's immortal order was transmitted: “to sink the ship is preferable to surrendering the flag”-, Monte Santiago, Samborombón and Punta Lara, the last battle of the war. On October 10, 1828 he was promoted to Navy Colonel and in 1833 he was appointed General Navy Commander and Captain of the Port of Buenos Aires. In 1835, he contracted a pulmonary congestion that became a pleurisy, of which he died. Over his dead body said Admiral Brown: “I consider the sword of this valiant officer one of the first in the Americas. What a shame that he belonged to a country that does not know how to value its heroes!”. Tradition published the march Coronel de Marina Tomás Espora (Navy Colonel Tomas Espora) created by maestro O. Cupparo in his honor, in
19. Creation of the General Archive of the Argentine Confederation, later the General National Archive, 1856. The Executive Power enacted law No. 92, passed by the Confederation's Congress on August 25, which established an Office of General Archive to receive and hold the files from all the various state agencies and departments.
19. Designation of the city of Rosario as capital of the Republic, 1868. The National Congress accepted by law the offer made by the Province of Santa Fe the previous year and declared Rosario the capital city of the Republic. The law was vetoed by President General Bartolomé Mitre a few days before the end of his constitutional mandate.
19. Japan invades Manchuria, 1931.
19. German forces capture Kiev, 1941.
19. End of fighting between Finland and the Soviet Union with signing of armistice, 1944.
20. The Norwegian Vikings defeat the Britons at Fulford, 1066.
20. The expedition commanded by Ferdinand Magellan sailed from Spain. They would navigate around the world for the first time, 1519. It consisted of 5 ships with a crew of 265 people.
20. Appointment of General José de San Martín as Captain General of the Army of Chile, 1821. The Supreme Director of Chile, General Bernardo O'Higgins, honored him with said rank.
20. Solemn resignation of General José de San Martín as Protector of Peru, 1822. Before the Peruvian Constitutional Congress, he took off the red and white band that was the symbol of his authority and declared: “In removing the badge that distinguishes the supreme chief of Peru I simply comply with my duties and with the vows of my heart”. He then walked out of the hall.
20. Russians defeated by Britain and France at Alma, 1854.
20. The British capture Delhi after lengthy siege, 1857. << previous | next >>
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