1. Surrender of Ladysmith to Boers in Natal, South Africa, 1899.
1. Battle of Coronel, Pacific Ocean, 1914.
1. Formation of Berlin-Rome Axis, 1936.
1. US Marines begin offensive on Guadalcanal, 1942.
1. Marshal Erwin Rommel takes over command on French coast, 1943.
2. Daniel Boone, frontiersman and coloniser, is born in Pennsylvania, USA, 1734.
2. British forces landed at the port of Tanga, 1914. After three months onto WW I, an expedition of 8.000 men, mostly of the British Indian Army invade German East Africa. The Germans have there a total of 2.500 troops of the Deutsche Ost Afrika Schütztruppe (German East Africa Protective Force), organized into 14 small Feldkompanien each of some 16/18 officers and noncomissioned officers and 150/200 askaris (native troops). After a four days fight the Germans, with minimum losses, defeated the British, in a campaign that was withheld from the public in Britain and India for several months. With the signing of the armistice in France, commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck surrendered his forces on November 25, 1918, in what is now Zambia, two full weeks after the fight stopped on the Western Front being the only German general who was never beaten.
2. Fort Vaux, Verdun, recaptured by France, 1916.
2. Marshal Erwin Rommel, Commander of the Afrika Korps, dies in Herringen, Germany, 1944.
2. President John F. Kennedy announces Soviet dismantlement of MRBM bases in Cuba, 1962.
3. Secret treaty between Buenos Aires' Governor and Captain General, Colonel Manuel Dorrego, and Federico Bawer, 1827. The latter represented the German troops that were at the service of the Emperor of Brazil. Dorrego's aim was to weaken the Brazilian position by having these troops declare their assistance to Argentina, or proclaim a Republic in the Province of Santa Catarina.
3. Defeat of Paraguay in the Battle of Tuyutí, 1867. Eight thousand Paraguayans, commanded by General Barrios attacked the allied camp in Tuyutí, where Brazilian and Argentine forces were camping, gaining an initial victory. General Manuel Hornos, commanding the Argentine cavalry, launched an all-out attack with the support of the Brazilian infantry, and crushed the Paraguayans, in their second defeat at this same place.
3. German naval mutiny reaches Kiel, 1918.
3. Announcement of Japanese "New Order" for Southeast Asia, 1938.
3. "Cash and Carry" amendment passed by US Congress, 1939.
4. William III, Prince of Orange, King of England, is born in The Hague, Holland, 1650.
4. A new and large Austrian army under Feldzeugmeister (General of Infantry) Joszef Alvintzy recapture Trent, Roveretto, Bassano, Fontanove and Vicenza from the French, 1796.
4. British disaster at El Obeid, Sudan, 1883. Fanatical followers of the Mahdi Mohammed Ahmed attack and smash a force led by Colonel William Hick.
4. End of Second Battle of El Alamein, 1942.
4. Budapest, Hungary, attacked by Soviet troops, 1956.
4. Assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by Yigail Amir, a fanatical Jew, 1995.
5. Navy Colonel Leonardo Rosales was born in Buenos Aires, 1792. He died in exile in Uruguay on May 30, 1836. At age 22, as an artilleryman, he joined Admiral William Brown's squadron in the War of Independence, and was promoted to Sergeant in combat. After the surrender of Montevideo, the Patriot squadron was demobilized. In 1816, as Lieutenant, Rosales joined the naval component of an expedition sent to control the caudillos (local strongmen) and montoneras (mounted guerrillas) that were laying waste the hinterland. In 1821, after having been already promoted to Captain, he qualified himself as a "soldier of order", and supported the Unitarian Party. In the war against Brazil, Rosales received the command of a gunboat, No. 6, with which he participated in the first combat to take place in front of Buenos Aires, on February 9, 1826, and later took part in the attack to Colonia del Sacramento. He was then given command of the schooner Río de la Plata, assigned to provide custody to the convoys that were supplying the army that was operating in the so-called Eastern Bank (currently, the Republic of Uruguay). As commander of the Sarandi he took part in the battle of Los Pozos, on June 11, 1826, where Brown issued his famous order: "Grazing fire! Remember the people's eyes are on us!". He directed and participated in several other battles until the end of the war, and after the armistice was commissioned with the repatriation of the Argentine prisoners. He was promoted to Navy Colonel on January 6, 1829. After the Cañuelas Pact, which consolidated Juan M. Rosas as Governor of Buenos Aires, the members of the Unitarian Party were excluded from political life, in what was the start of a long period of persecutions that drove many of them into exile. In 1830, Rosales was deprived of his rank and deleted from the military roster. He established as the owner of a general goods store and saloon (pulpería) in Carmelo (then called Las Vacas), Uruguay, where he resided until his death. Tradition has honored this distinguished officer with the publication of the march Coronel de Marina Leonardo Rosales composed by Virgilio Sánchez, in TR020102 "Marches and Bugle Calls of the Argentine Navy".
5. Battle of Inkerman, 1854.
5. Britain and France declares war on Turkey, 1914.
5. Lawrence joins Arab Army at Yenbo, 1916.
5. Tikrit, Mesopotamia, captured by British, 1917.
5. First American action against German forces is led by General John J. Pershing, 1917.
6. Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, dies, 1796.
6. Foundation of Tiro Federal Argentino, 1891. The first institutions for the practice of shooting in Argentina had been established by Swiss immigrants at the site of some of their rural colonies, since the mid 19th Century. In 1881 Argentina and Chile signed a borders treaty that satisfied neither of the parties. As a consequence, in both countries citizens became expectant with the possibility of war. On September 28, 1891, Círculo de Armas (the Arms Club), a traditional Buenos Aires institution held an extraordinary meeting. The members decided to sponsor the creation of a Federal Shooting Club, that would be headquartered in Buenos Aires and have branches in all provincial capitals and major cities across the country, with the sole purpose of providing training on the shooting of war weapons. During the first period, the institution used the Buenos Aires venue of the Belgrano Swiss Shooting Club (Tiro Suizo de Belgrano.) Their first shooting range was inaugurated in the Palermo neighborhood on March 22, 1896. Between 1895 and 1910, an important number of Tiro Federal shooting ranges were built, across most of the Argentine territory. The infantry march Tiro Federal, honoring this institution, was composed by Captain and Band Conductor Concetto D'Arcangelo (Italy 1885-Argentina 1948), that was published by Tradition in TR020101 "Marches of the Argentine Infantry".
6. US explodes the first H bomb at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific, 1952.
7. Battle of Suipacha, 1810. The Patriot forces, under the command of Major General Antonio González Balcarce, defeated the Royalists led by Navy Captain José de Córdoba. Later, the Patriot Army marched to the Desaguadero river –the waters of which originate in Lake Titicaca --the border between the Viceroyships of the Provinces of the Plata River and Peru-- and camped there. After this victory, the first for the Argentine forces, the four districts of the Upper Peru which reported to Buenos Aires declared in favor of American emancipation. In 1910, for the Centennial of Argentine Independence, Band Lieutenant José Arena (Italy 1869-Argentina 1954), wrote the military march Suipacha, published in TR020101 "Marches of the Argentine Infantry".
7. Count Leo Tolstoy, author of War and Peace and Anna Karenina, dies in Astapovo, Russia, 1910.
7. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson is re-elected, 1916.
7. Capture of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg by the Bolsheviks, 1917.
8. Creation of the 11th Line Infantry Regiment, 1814. At the proposal of General José de San Martín to the Government, during the organization of the Army of the Andes and using the Chile Auxiliaries as the foundation. This was the infantry corps that had been sent to Chile in 1812, commanded by then Lieutenant Colonel Juan Gregorio de Las Heras to assist the Government Junta to face the invasion of the Royalists in the South of Chile. The Auxiliaries received their baptism of fire in the battle of Cucha Cucha on February 23, 1814, and fought successfully for a second time in Membrillar on May 20. After the important Spanish victory in Rancagua in October, they were charged with covering the retreat of their Chilean comrades and their government to the city of Mendoza. In 1815, the 11th Line had the first regimental band of the Army of the Andes, thanks to the economic support of Don Rafael Vargas, a rancher from Mendoza. When the Army moved to Chile in 1817, the regiment crossed the mountain range using the Uspallata pass, always commanded by Las Heras. After contributing to winning the battle of Chacabuco, he headed the South Division, that was involved in a night battle on April 4 in Curapaligüe and on May 5 in Gavilán, two resounding victories. It also took part in the failed assault on Talcahuano, December 6. On April 5, 1818, the 11th Line fought heroically in the Battle of Maipu, which sealed the freedom of Chile. Transported by sea, the Regiment disembarked in Peru in September 1820, where it was involved in the battles of Nazca, Acarí and Jauja and in the siege and occupation of Lima on July 9, 1821, as well as in the surrender of the fort of El Callao on September 21. In 1824 the 11th Line was disbanded. It was created once again in 1885 and sent to hold positions in the frontier of the territories occupied by wild Indians, such as Tapalqué, Olavarria and Tres Arroyos, in the Province of Buenos Aires. In 1910 the President of Argentina Dr. José Figueroa Alcorta issue a decree to rename it 11th Infantry Regiment "General Las Heras" in honor of its first commander. Currently, the 11th Mountain Infantry Regiment is headquartered in Tupungato, Province of Mendoza. The march "11th Line" was composed by maestro Oreste D'Alo, supposedly in the city of Rosario, around 1925. Tradition has published it in CDTR030301 "Marches and Bugle Calls of the Argentine Infantry".
8. Retaliatory Expedition against the Indians, 1878. Leaving from Villa Mercedes, Province of San Luis, forces under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Rudesindo Roca marched to attack the tribes of chiefs Baigorrita and Epumer. The expedition reached Epumer's camp, in Yoitagüé. After a cavalry charge, the Indians were defeated, prisoners were taken and cattle recovered.
8. Marshal Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929) as Allied C-in-C receives German armistice delegates, 1918.
8. The U.N. General Assembly demands the removal of Soviet troops from Hungary, 1956.
9. Abdication of Kaiser (German Emperor) Wilhelm II, 1918.
9. Japanese forces capture Shangai, 1937.
9. Charles de Gaulle, General and President of France, dies, 1970.
10. Hungarians defeated by the Turks at Varna, 1444.
10. Huguenots defeated at the Battle of St. Denis, 1567.
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