1. The Crusaders defeat the Turks at Dorylaeum, 1097.
1. Resignation to his position as Governor of Buenos Aires of Carlos Tejedor, 1880. He had raised in arms against the national government, during President Nicolás Avellaneda's administration as a result of his refusal to accept the victory of General Julio A. Roca to succeed Avellaneda as President, giving rise to a bloody revolution that ended with the defeat of the forces that supported him. The same day of his resignation, José M. Moreno was sworn in as the new Governor.
1. Founding of the Aeronautical Division of the US Army's Signal Corps establishes the world's first air force, 1907.
1. British and French offensive in the Somme (to 08-11), 1916.
1. First Battle of El Alamein begins, 1942.
2. Victory for the British under Sir Eyre Coote against the French under Lally, near Wandewash, India, 1760.
2. Proclamation by General William Carr Beresford as Governor of the city of Buenos Aires, 1806, informing the population that any rights they held were secure, leaving the city's Cabildo and clergy in full and free exercise of their powers.
2. Defeat of the forces of the viceroyship by the British forces in the Miserere cattle pens, 1807.
2. Preparations were under way in the city of Buenos Aires to fight the Second British Invasion, 1807. During the night, Mayor Martín de Alzaga directed the construction of cantonments equipped with artillery in the street crossings close to the Main Square –currently Plaza de Mayo-, something that would play a critical role in the oncoming fight.
2. Announcement by President Woodrow Wilson of 1 million US troops sent to Europe, 1918.
3. The Jesuits expelled from America for the first time, boarded ships in Buenos Aires. 1767. Having gathered in the city in a group of 289, they traveled first to Cadiz, Spain, from where they were deported to Italy, on orders of Spanish King Charles III.
3. General George Washington appointed C-in-C of American forces at Cambridge, Massachussets, 1775.
3. Ultimatum to surrender by the British to the Viceroy's forces in the city of Buenos Aires, 1807. With the battle to control the city underway, the ultimatum was rejected.
3. Battle of Gettysburg, 1863.
3. Sultan Mohammed V of Turkey dies, 1918.
3. Hijacked Air France's plane at Entebbe Airport, Uganda, raided by Israeli commandos, 1976.
4. Crusaders defeated by Saladin at Tiberias, 1187.
4. Advance of the British forces in the city of Buenos Aires, 1807. They managed to occupy several streets and zones. General Sir John Whitelocke again asked the defenders of the city', commanded by General Santiago de Liniers y Bremond and Martín de Alzaga to surrender, and once again the ultimatum was rejected.
4. Colonel Manuel Dorrego appointed acting Governor, 1820. An Electoral Board of the City of Buenos Aires appointed him pending his ratification by a Board consisting also of the electors for the countryside. However, these had appointed General Carlos de Alvear a few days earlier. The country's disorganization was becoming evident.
4. Australian forces take Le Hamel, France, 1918.
4. First successful helicopter flight is piloted by Hanna Reitsch at Bremen, Germany, 1937.
4. Battle of Kursk, 1943.
4. Born of the Republic of Philippines as a full independent state, 1946.
5. Defense of Buenos Aires, 1807. The British forces that were trying to conquer the city of Buenos Aires for the second time suffered enormous losses in the combats that took place on that date.
5. Assignment of the kingdoms of Spain and the Indies –in South America- to Joseph Bonaparte, by his brother Napoleon, Emperor of France, 1808. After the assignment, he was elected king, these rights having resulted, in turn, resulted from the assignment made by Spanish King Charles IV and his heir, the Prince of Asturias, Don Fernando on May 10, 1808, to Napoleon.
5. Battle of Wagram begins, 1809.
5. British retreat after defeat by American forces at Chippewa, 1814.
6. Foundation of the city of Cordoba, 1573. The Governor of Tucuman, Juries and Diaguitas, Gerónimo Luis de Cabrera founded it on the banks of the river that the Indians denominated Suquía, and called the surrounding area New Andalucia. The founder had been born in Seville, Spain and arrived in America in 1538. In 1563 he founded the town of Ica in Peru and on September 20, 1571 was appointed Governor of the province of Tucuman.
6. Arms of the city of Cordoba, 1573. The day it was founded, the city was awarded arms depicting a castle with seven flags in its structure and two rivers at its base, one in front of the other.
6. Juan de Garay landed on the banks of the Cayasta creek, 1573. He immediately ordered the erection of a small fort as a defense against the Indians. Some have adopted the date to mark the foundation of the city of Santa Fe, although said city was officially founded by Garay on November 15 of the same year.
6. John Paul Jones, American hero and naval commander, is born in Scotland, 1747.
6. Intense combats in the streets of Buenos Aires, 1807. The troops of the viceroyship, lead by General Santiago de Liniers y Bremond and Mayor Martín de Alzaga held fierce clashes with the British troops commanded by General Sir John Whitelocke.
6. Napoleon defeats Austrians at Wagram, 1809.
6. Major invasion of wild Indians in the surroundings of the city of Santa Fe, 1819.
6. Attack of wild Indians against the city of San Rafael, Province of Mendoza, 1867. Some 700 Indians looted the city, killing all the found in their path. The city's garrison, under Commander Segovia, bravely resisted and managed to expel them, although the Indians remained in the surroundings for one more day, before making off with their loot.
6. First general census of the Province of Santa Fe, 1887. It showed a total of 220,332 inhabitants for the whole province.
6. Arab revolt takes Aqaba, 1917.
7. Capitulation of General Sir John Whitelocke before General Santiago de Liniers y Bremond, 1807. Faced with major losses as a result of the combat to conquer Buenos Aires, the British forces surrendered with honors, thus concluding the battles of the Second British Invasion. Among the terms of the agreement it was established that the British would receive the prisoners taken by the forces of the Viceroyship who wished to be repatriated and had to evacuate the city within the next 48 hours, to then surrender the city of Montevideo within the following 2 months. Tradition has published the march Defense of Buenos Aires in its TR030104.
7. Tilsit Treaty between France and Russia, 1807.
7. German government validates Treaty of Versailles, 1919.
7. Belgium send troops to Congo, 1960.
8. Sanction of the Basic Education Act No. 1420, 1884. A Presidential Executive Order, signed by the President of the Republic, General Julio A. Roca, sanctioned National Law No. 1420, on basic education, that had been approved by the National Congress on June 26, 1884. It guaranteed free and secular basic education and established mandatory schooling. It became one of the most important drivers of Argentine progress at the turn of the century, ensuring the cultural assimilation of the children of immigrants, by helping them to integrated into society through the use of a common language and provided for their education.
8. General Douglas Mac Arthur appointed commander of UN forces in Korea, 1950.
9. Declaration of Argentine Independence, 1816. An Assembly with representatives of the United Provinces of the Plata River, meeting in the city of Tucumán, solemnly declared : "...that it is the unanimous will of the United Provinces of South America to break the violent links that bind them to the Spanish Crown, recover their rights, invest themselves with the high character of a free and independent nation, maintaining in fact and by law broad and full powers to adopt the institutions required by Justice". It had been established that the Presidency of the Assembly would be rotary on a monthly basis. Doctor Francisco N. de Laprida, representative of the Province of San Juan, had the high distinction of holding such office during the month of July.
9. The Frigate La Argentina set sail from the Barragan Cove, 1817. One year after the Declaration of Independence, the ship began its corsaire journey, under the command of Captain Hipolite Bouchard, sailing around the world fighting against Spanish maritime trade.
9. Establishment of the Jurisprudence Society (Sociedad de Jurisprudencia) in the city of Buenos Aires, 1822.
9. After a brillant 6 months campaign leaded by General Louis Botha of South Africa against German South West Africa (today Namibia), is accepted German surrender, concluding the first successful Allied campaign of WWI, 1915.
9. General Zachary Taylor, commander at the Indians and Mexican Wars, is appointed US President, 1850.
9. Beginning of RAF night-bombing of Germany, 1940.
9. 300.000 prisioners taken by German forces near Minsk, 1941.
10. Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman Emperor, dies in Baiae, Italy, 138 bC.
10. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid), military commander, dies in Valencia, Spain, 1099.
10. Lancastrians are defeated by Yorkists. Henry IV is captured at the Battle of Norhampton, 1460.
10. Signing of a Free Navigation Treaty in the Parana and Uruguay Rivers, 1853. The Director of the Argentine Confederation, General Justo J. de Urquiza, who was commanding the siege of the city of Buenos Aires, signed this Treaty in the town of San José de Flores with the representatives of the United States, France and Great Britain, ensuring free navigation for ships sailing under any of the world's flags.
10. Foundation of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange in the city of Buenos Aires, 1854.
10. Allied forces invade Sicily, 1943.
10. President Harry S. Truman appoints General Douglas MacArthur as C-in-C of UN forces for the Korean War, 1950.
10. Armistice talks began between the UN command and the Chinese/North Koreans at Pan Mun jon, 1951. After the front line stabilized in November 1951, along with what was to become the new demarcation line, the fighting over the next 20 months degenerated into a bloody battle for terrain features. The US forces suffered some 63.200 casualties to gain or retain those outports.
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