11. The English Government communicates to the Spanish Ambassador its intention of removing all
marks and signals of Spanish possession from the Malvinas/Falkland Islands, leaving its own in
place, which became effective on May 22, 1774.
11. The marriage of Napoleon and Marie-Louise of Austria, 1810.
11. At speed trials the USS Wampanoag –its name by a New England Indian tribe- reached 17
knots, being the fastest ship afloat, 1868.
12. Américo Vespucio died in Seville, Spain, 1512. The Florentine navigator, who had become a
Spanish citizen, was the first to produce a geographical chart of the continent, which subsequently
became known as America.
12. Battle of Chacabuco, 1817. It was a decisive landmark in the South American wars of
independence. On January 18, the Army of the Andes had begun their march from Mendoza to cross
the mountain range. After almost three weeks, advanced parties began fighting the Spanish troops
on territory of Chile. The royalists concentrated their forces, under the command of General Maroto,
at the summit of Chacabuco hill. After a fierce battle, they were defeated by the forces commanded
by General José de San Martín, consisting mainly of Chileans and Argentines.
12. Battle of Bacacay, 1827. General Juan G. de Lavalle, commanding the 4th Grenadiers and Las
Conchas Reds Regiment, heavily defeated a Brazilian column under General Manuel Bentos.
12.“Channel Dash”, 1942. Escape from the port of Brest, France, to Germany, of
battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. British Swordfish
torpedo planes carried a daylight attack escorted by Spitfires. Lt. Cmdr. Eugene Esmode,
who had previously led the torpedo attack against the Bismarck were shot down. The
planes did not score a simple hit.
13. Massacre of the Macdonalds at Glencoe in Scotland, 1652.
13. Coalition against France formed by Prusia, Austria, Holland, Britain, Sardinia and Spain, 1793.
13. Pledge of Allegiance, 1813. .
13. Battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and cruiser Prinz Eugen arrive to German ports
from Brest, 1942.
13. British bombers raid Dresden, Germany, 1945.
14. Domingo F. Sarmiento is born in the city of San Juan, 1811. His life was an example of energy, hard work and pristine honesty. He was a prominent politician, journalist, military man but above all educator. On October 12, 1868 he was sworn in as President of the Republic. He led one of the most dynamic administrations for the transformation of the country. Besides providing a great drive to public education, he created the Cordoba Observatory, the country's first, reorganized the naval squadron, established the Military School and the Naval Academy as training institutes for the future officers of the Army and the Navy, provided an important push to the construction of railroads, conducted a national census, and fostered public libraries, among many other actions of an extremely positive nature. He finished his extraordinary public career in the position of Schools Inspector (minister of Education) of the Province of Buenos Aires. He died in Asunción del Paraguay, on September 11, 1888. The date is marked as Teachers' Day.
14. William Sherman, Union general and military commander in the US Civil War, dies in New York City, 1891.
15. Combat in Pigüe, Province of Buenos Aires, 1858. Forces led by Colonels Nicolás Granada and Wenceslao Paunero defeated the hordes of Indian Chief Calfucurá in an all out battle. On the next day, the battle raged anew and ended with the full defeat of the Indians.
15. The USS Maine is destroyed in Havana, Cuba, 1898.
15. Forces under General Francisco Franco take Teruel, 1938.
15. Surrender of Singapore to Japanese, 1942.
15. Allied bombing of the Monte Casino monastery, Italy, 1944.
15. Fierce battles on the Golan Heights between Israel and Syria, 1974.
16. In a clear night the ketch Intrepid slipped into the harbor of Tripoli and its crew board the
USS Philadelphia, for burning her, 1804. Lieutenant Stephen S. Decatur, Jr., captain of the
ketch Intrepid, as well as Lieutenant Charlews Stewart, captain of the brig Siren volunteered
with theirs crew for a surprise attack at Tripoli Harbor by night. Eight of the enlisted men
were Marines who later would make “to the shores of Tripoli” a part of their legend.
16. France invades Spain, 1808.
16. Battle of El Ombú, 1827. In the War against Brazil, having invaded the South of the territory of Brazil with an army under the command of General Carlos M. de Alvear, troops of Colonel Lucio Mansilla attacked and defeated a Brazilian column commanded by General Manuel Bentos. The same column had been defeated on the preceding 13 th by Colonel Juan G. de Lavalle.
16. Confederates surrender Fort Grant to General Ulysses S. Grant, 1862.
16. First German counterattack beaten at Anzio, after four weeks of Allies' landing, 1944.
17. The Lancastrians defeat the Yorkists at the second Battle of St Albans, 1461.
17. The USS Housatonic is sunk by the Hunley , a Confederate submarine, 1864.
18. Establishment of the National Crest, 1812. The Triumvirate (Executive Power), notified the Head of the Chiefs of Staff: “... the Government, by today's resolution, has decided to have the troops recognize and use the National Cockade of the Provinces of the Plata River, that shall have two colors, white and pale blue, abolishing as from this date the red cockade that was previously utilized...”. See CD030201
18. Robert Oppenheimer, physicist and developer of the US atomic bomb in Los Alamos,
dies in Princenton, New Jersey, 1967
19. Albinus is defeated near Lyons, 197.
19. Initial Anglo-French bombardment of Dardanelles forts, 1915.
19. Darwin, Australia, is bombed by Japanese planes, 1942.
19. Beginning of the Battle of Iwo Jima, with the invasión of US troops (to 17-03), 1945.
20. Transfer of the city of Santa Fe, 1653. To better defend from the attacks of the Indians, the
neighbors began moving the city from its original location on the banks of the Cayastá creek, where
it had been established by General Juan de Garay on November 11, 1573, to its current location.
The operation ended seven years later, in 1660.
20. Battle of Salta, 1813. In the fields of Castañares, close to the city of Salta, General Manuel
Belgrano defeated the Royalist troops commanded by General Pío Tristán. The clash between the
two armies was extremely fierce and for several hours the outcome of the battle was undefined.
It had rained during several days and the condition of the powder was poor. The patriots, relying on
their bayonets and sables, launched a full attack, causing the enemy to break ranks and retreat
in disorder towards the city, where they later surrendered. The casualties of both armies were
buried together in the battlefield and a monolith was erected with the inscription “Aquí yacen
vencedores y vencidos“ (Here lie the victorious and the vanquished).
20. Battle of Ituzaingó, 1827. The Argentine Army, under the command of General Carlos M. de
Alvear, defeated the Brazilian army led by Marquis de Barbacena, in an action where the
Republican cavalry played a leading role. The two armies clashed close to the Ituzaingó creek,
in the Brazilian province of Río Grande do Sul. The defeated troops abandoned their camp and the
score of this musical march was found in their baggage, considered part of the war booty. It was
named Ituzaingó and since then, became part of the Argentine musical heritage. It was
published by Tradition in TR020101.
20. Chester William Nimitz, US Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Flete during WWII, dies
in San Francisco, 1966.
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